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Chancellor of Poland ((ポーランド語:Kanclerz) - (:ˈkant͡slɛʂ), from (ラテン語:cancellarius)) was one of the highest officials in the historic Poland. This office functioned from the early Polish kingdom of the 12th century until the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. A respective office also existed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 16th century. Chancellors' powers rose together with the increasing importance of written documents. In the 14th century the office of Chancellor of Kraków ((ポーランド語:Kanclerz krakowski)) evolved into the Chancellor of the Crown ((ポーランド語:Kanclerz koronny)) and from that period the chancellor powers were greatly increased, as they became responsible for the foreign policy of the entire Kingdom (later, the Commonwealth). The Chancellor was also supposed to ensure the legality of monarch's actions, especially whether or not they could be considered illegal in the context of pacta conventa (an early set of documents containing important laws, in some aspects resembling today's constitutions). Finally, the Chancellor was also responsible for his office, the chancellery ((ポーランド語:kancelaria)). A 16th-century Polish lawyer, Jakub Przybylski, described the Chancellor as the king's hand, eye and ear, translator of his thoughts and will. From 15th century onward there were two separate Chancellor offices, none of them subordinate to each other: Great Chancellor ((ポーランド語:Kanclerz wielki)) and Deputy Chancellor ((ポーランド語:Podkanclerz)). In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, there were four Chancellors: Great Chancellor of the Crown ((ポーランド語:Kanclerz wielki koronny)), Great Chancellor of Lithuania ((ポーランド語:Kanclerz wielki litewski)), Deputy Chancellor of the Crown ((ポーランド語:Podkanclerzy koronny)), and Deputy Chancellor of Lithuania ((ポーランド語:Podkanclerzy litewski)). == History == During the times of fragmentation of Poland, each Polish prince had his own chancellor, but with the reunification of Poland, the office of Chancellor of Kraków (contemporary capital of the Kingdom of Poland) became dominant and other, local chancellors disappeared by the early 15th century. Also in the 15th century, the Chancellor's office was split into that of the Great Chancellor and Deputy Chancellor. The Deputy Chancellor was however not a subordinate of the Chancellor and his independence was specifically confirmed by the laws passed during the reign of king Alexander I Jagiellon. The Sejm of 1504 confirmed the Chancellor's office as well as its powers and responsibilities for the first time, specifically stating that one person cannot hold both Chancellors' offices, and established the Grand Lithuanian Chancellor's office. The Lithuanian Deputy Chancellor was created later, in the mid-16th century After the Union of Lublin in 1569 there were four Chancellors (one Grand Chancellor and one Deputy Chancellor for Crown, and another pair for Lithuania). At first, the Chancellor's office was always given to an ecclesiastic person. From 1507, Sigismund I the Old decided that the title of Great Crown Chancellor would be rotated between secular and ecclesiastic nobles, and at least one Chancellor (both in the Great and Deputy pair and in the Crown and Lithuanian one after the Union of Lublin) was required to be a secular person. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chancellor (Poland)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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